Bosch Chassis Systems India Pvt. Ltd. Established in 1985, Bosch Chassis Systems India Limited is a subsidiary of the Bosch Group in India. The Bosch Group holds a 98% stake in the company. As part of the world’s largest independent parts supplier, we offer our customers advanced technology, quality and excellent services, all from a single source. Bosch Chassis Systems India Limited develops and manufactures innovative braking system components and vehicle safety systems for the automotive industry. The company uses its system engineering capabilities to suggest the right kind of brake system for the OEMs. The continual improvement of driving safety and comfort supports our aspiration to be the preferred partner of our customers. Bosch Chassis Systems India Limited manufactures products to comply with the stringent requirements of the leading OEMs in the automobile industry as a manufacturer of brake system components for 3-wheelers, passenger cars, utility vehicles, and light commercial vehicles.

Summary: In interface design favor direct access to the user’s preferred item instead of forcing users to go through your content in a serial order. If you happened to be around in the 90s, when the web was invented, you may remember that "hypertext” was the buzzword at the time. In fact, “HTML” itself stands for “Hypertext Markup Language.” Hypertext made the web work as an interconnected media form: text that contains links (hyperlinks) to additional content that can be immediately accessed. The hypertext and hyperlink exemplify the direct-access paradigm and are a significant improvement over the more traditional, book-based model of sequential access . (Direct access can also be called random access, because it allows equally easy and fast access to any randomly selected destination. Somewhat like traveling by a Star Trek transporter instead of driving along the freeway and passing the exits one at a time, which is what you get with sequential access.) In a normal, physical book, the reader is supposed to read pages one by one, in the order in which they are provided by the author. For most books (fiction, at least), it makes little sense for the reader to turn directly page 256 and start reading there. Unless, of course, that is where the reader left off in their last reading session. Getting to page 256 in a 500-pages book poses a bit of a challenge, as we well know it, and each of us have their preferred method of dealing with it (be it a bookmark, a dog ear, or our own memory). Tables of contents try to alleviate a book’s sequential-access problem by telling people what content is going to be found in the book and at which page. The user still has the problem of turning to the desired page number, but at least he doesn’t need to bother with parsing the content and deciding whether he’s found what he is looking for. By definition, however, the web embraces direct access. Thus, it is disappointing to see sequential-access designs becoming increasingly popular nowadays. Costs and Benefits of Sequential Access But why is sequential access so bad? Simply because it forces the user to work harder than she needs to: she has to process all the content that sequentially precedes the piece of information that she is interested in. Thus, sequential access increases interaction cost. Sequential access increases interaction cost: the user has to inspect all the items that precede the item of interest in a list. With direct access, the user can focus on the element of interest without explicitly processing the items that come before it in the list. Sequential access has two potential benefits: Progressing linearly through an information space can be accomplished through particularly simple navigation controls: basically a “give me more” button. However, designs like infinite scrolling often hurt users more than they help. You ought to design navigation controls that allow users more freedom without being overly complicated. If you know that users have been through the earlier steps in a sequence, you can build on that knowledge in explaining the next step. In practice, of course, users often scan verbose web pages and miss much of the information. So you can’t truly rely on users reading (much less understanding) all the earlier exposition, even if they have passed through it. The benefits of sequential access are more hoped-for than they are real on most practical websites. In contrast, the costs are very real and are incurred every time. Examples of Sequential Access in User Interfaces Let’s take a look at a few examples of sequential access in modern interfaces. Carousels The carousel has always been a popular way to stick content on the front page without taking up too much space and has seen a resurgence with the advent of the iPad. (Original iPad designs were fascinated by the etched screen aesthetic and wanted to control the layout in the tiniest detail. As a result they often forewent vertical scrolling in favor of a card or carousel-like design.) Carousels have many advantages, but one big disadvantage is that they are based on sequential access: users must go through all the items in the carousel one by one in order to get to the last one. This interaction is inefficient and provides little information scent: users generally have no information about what comes next. Although carousels may solve content-priority quarrels within the organization, they slow users down (at least in their more traditional incarnations) . How can you make carousels more direct-access like? If you cannot avoid them altogether, provide links to the stories in the carousels to let people select them in any order or, at least, present more than one item at once. Food52.com: Carousel items can be accessed directly by clicking the titles to the right of the image. Food52.com: The homepage contains a carousel that features 3 stories at the time on a desktop screen. This design has a lower interaction cost than one with 1 story per screen. That means that the interaction will be sped up (to access item number 5, users will have to change the carousel once with 3 items per screen instead of 5 times with 1 item per screen). Also, remember that carousels are ok only for short lists: users should be able to get to the last item in the list in 3–4 steps. Search results or long lists never belong in carousels; as one of our users put it, “I don’t know what item 20 is, but I know that I will never find out.” Videos Even more than books, videos are the sequential-access medium par excellence: users must patiently watch a lot of video footage before getting to a piece of content that is relevant or interesting to them. That is why videos by themselves are not an ideal medium for instructional or informational content; although they can work great in conjunction with text, if they are the only method available to users, they are terribly inefficient.

What follows is a summary of our white paper with the same title. 1. What they do The PWM controller is in essence a switch that connects a solar array to a battery. The result is that the voltage of the array will be pulled down to near that of the battery. The MPPT controller is more sophisticated (and more expensive): it will adjust its input voltage to harvest the maximum power from the solar array and then transform this power to supply the varying voltage requirement, of the battery plus load. Thus, it essentially decouples the array and battery voltages so that there can be, for example, a 12 volt battery on one side of the MPPT charge controller and a large number of cells wired in series to produce 36 volts on the other. Example of a large number of cells wired in series to produce 36 volts Graphical representation of the DC to DC transformation as performed by an MPPT controller 2. The resultant twin strengths of an MPPT controller a) Maximum Power Point Tracking The MPPT controller will harvest more power from the solar array. The performance advantage is substantial (10% to 40%) when the solar cell temperature is low (below 45°C), or very high (above 75°C), or when irradiance is very low. At high temperature or low irradiance the output voltage of the array will drop dramatically. More cells must then be connected in series to make sure that the output voltage of the array exceeds battery voltage by a comfortable margin. b) Lower cabling cost and/or lower cabling losses Ohm’s law tells us that losses due to cable resistance are Pc (Watt) = Rc x I², where Rc is the resistance of the cable. What this formula shows is that for a given cable loss, cable cross sectional area can be reduced by a factor of four when doubling the array voltage. In the case of a given nominal power, more cells in series will increase the output voltage and reduce the output current of the array (P = V x I, thus, if P doesn’t change, then I must decrease when V increases). As array size increases, cable length will increase. The option to wire more panels in series and thereby decrease the cable cross sectional area with a resultant drop in cost, is a compelling reason to install an MPPT controller as soon as the array power exceeds a few hundred Watts (12 V battery), or several 100s of Watts (24 V or 48 V battery). 3. Conclusion PWM The PWM charge controller is a good low cost solution for small systems only, when solar cell temperature is moderate to high (between 45°C and 75°C). MPPT To fully exploit the potential of the MPPT controller, the array voltage should be substantially higher than the battery voltage. The MPPT controller is the solution of choice for higher power systems (because of the lowest overall system cost due to smaller cable cross sectional areas). The MPPT controller will also harvest substantially more power when the solar cell temperature is low (below 45°C), or very high (above 75°C), or when irradiance is very low.

Before I introduce you the theory of control system it is very essential to know the various types of control systems. Now there are various types of systems, we are going to discuss only those types of systems that will help us to understand the theory of control system and detail description of these types of system are given below: Linear Control Systems In order to understand the linear control system, we should know the principle of superposition. The principle of superposition theorem includes two the important properties and they are explained below: Homogeneity : A system is said to be homogeneous, if we multiply input with some constant ‘A’ then output will also be multiplied by the same value of constant (i.e. A). Additivity: Suppose we have a system ‘S’ and we are giving the input to this system as ‘a1’ for the first time and we are getting output as ‘b1’ corresponding to input ‘a1’. On second time we are giving input ‘a2’ and correspond to this we are getting output as ‘b2’. Now suppose this time we giving input as summation of the previous inputs ( i.e. a1 + a2 ) and corresponding to this input suppose we are getting output as (b1 + b2) then we can say that system ‘S’ is following the property of additivity. Now we are able to define the linear control systems as those types of control systems which follow the principle of homogeneity and additivity. Examples of Linear Control System Consider a purely resistive network with a constant DC source. This circuit follows the principle of homogeneity and additivity. All the undesired effects are neglected and assuming ideal behavior of each element in the network, we say that we will get linear voltage and current characteristic. This is the example of linear control system. Non-linear Systems We can simply define non linear control system as all those system which do not follow the principle of homogeneity. In practical life all the systems are non-linear system. Examples of Non-linear System A well known example of non-linear system is magnetization curve or no load curve of a DC machine. We will discuss briefly no load curve of DC machines here: No load curve gives us the relationship between the air gap flux and the field winding mmf. It is very clear from the curve given below that in the beginning there is a linear relationship between winding mmf and the air gap flux but after this, saturation has come which shows the non linear behavior of the curve or characteristics of the non linear control system. Analog or Continuous System In these types of control system we have continuous signal as the input to the system. These signals are the continuous function of time. We may have various sources of continuous input signal like sinusoidal type signal input source, square type of signal input source, signal may be in the form of continuous triangle etc. Digital or Discrete System In these types of control system we have discrete signal (or signal may be in the form of pulse) as the input to the system. These signals have the discrete interval of time. We can convert various sources of continuous input signal like sinusoidal type signal input source, square type of signal input source etc into discrete form using the switch. Now there are various advantages of discrete or digital system over the analog system and these advantages are written below: Digital systems can handle non linear control systems more effectively than the analog type of systems. Power requirement in case of discrete or digital system is less as compared to analog systems. Digital system has higher rate of accuracy and can perform various complex computations easily as compared to analog systems. Reliability of digital system is more as compared to analog system. They also have small and compact size. Digital system works on the logical operations which increases their accuracy many times. Losses in case of discrete systems are less as compared to analog systems in general. Single Input Single Output Systems These are also known as SISO type of system. In this the system has single input for single output. Various example of this kind of system may include temperature control, position control system etc. Multiple Input Multiple Output Systems These are also known as MIMO type of system. In this the system has multiple outputs for multiple inputs. Various example of this kind of system may include PLC type system etc. Lumped Parameter System In these types of control systems the various active (resistor) and passive parameters (like inductor and capacitor) are assumed to be concentrated at a point and that’s why these are called lumped parameter type of system. Analysis of such type of system is very easy which includes differential equations. Distributed Parameter System In these types of control systems the various active (resistor) and passive parameters (like inductor and capacitor) are assumed to be distributed uniformly along the length and that’s why these are called distributed parameter type of system. Analysis of such type of system is slightly difficult which includes partial differential equations.

Two companies are developing a more advanced cruise control that can automatically adjust a car's speed to maintain a safe following distance. This new technology, called adaptive cruise control , uses forward-looking radar, installed behind the grill of a vehicle, to detect the speed and distance of the vehicle ahead of it. Adaptive cruise control is similar to conventional cruise control in that it maintains the vehicle's pre-set speed. However, unlike conventional cruise control, this new system can automatically adjust speed in order to maintain a proper distance between vehicles in the same lane. This is achieved through a radar headway sensor , digital signal processor and longitudinal controller . If the lead vehicle slows down, or if another object is detected, the system sends a signal to the engine or braking system to decelerate. Then, when the road is clear, the system will re-accelerate the vehicle back to the set speed. The 77-GHz Autocruise radar system made by TRW has a forward-looking range of up to 492 feet (150 meters), and operates at vehicle speeds ranging from 18.6 miles per hour (30 kph) to 111 mph (180 kph). Delphi's 76-GHz system can also detect objects as far away as 492 feet, and operates at speeds as low as 20 mph (32 kph). Adaptive cruise control is just a preview of the technology being developed by both companies. These systems are being enhanced to include collision warning capabilities that will warn drivers through visual and/or audio signals that a collision is imminent and that braking or evasive steering is needed.

When you are solving a problem in the real world, there are 2 main important requirements Get the correct answer. Solve it using sound methods. There might be a half-dozen different ways to solve a given problem, so long as you arrive at the correct answer and don't pick a method involving rain dances or Satanic rituals, you are free to pick the method that you find easiest. However, the requirements in academia are often different. There is a good chance that your professor has a reason for using the method he does. If he asks you to solve a problem step-wise, you should do what he asks. It's likely that, at a certain point, doing it directly rather than piecemeal becomes overly complex and involves massive equations. At this point, knowing how to do it step-wise becomes necessary, and your professor is preparing you for this. But the only way to know for sure is to ask him. As I said, beyond this class, the only thing that will matter is getting the correct answer and being able to explain how you arrived at that answer, so if you get the same answer through both methods, both are equally valid.

Industrial Automation We understand that process automation is the power house of every business's growth and profitability. With process automation, higher ouput can be achieved with... Know More Agro Automation When large part of the economies still depends on agriculture, precision agro solutions is not just for increasing your produce at lower cost of production but also providing it the most optimal... Know More Get in touch FALCON Control Systems & Automation 12, Shashank Society, 444, Manmala Tank Road Matunga West, Mumbai - 400016, India. eMail address twitter Why choose FCSA? FCSA has a strong team of young but talented engineers working passionately to bring intelligent systems to life. We take pride in the work that we do and value our customer requirements and satisfaction. We hold product quality to be our top priority as each product gets installed with our name on it.

LORD Active Vibration Control Systems (AVCS) reduce vibration in the helicopter fuselage generated by the main rotor. Our AVCS provides state-of-the-art, patented algorithms that control steady state and transient vibration, even during start up. In the system, accelerometers measure aircraft vibration levels and signals are sent to a centralized computer. The computer interprets the signals and sends commands to force generators located throughout the aircraft. These force generators create "anti-vibration" that stops the progression of vibration due to the main rotor. LORD offers both turn-key AVCS as well as AVCS components, adapting our product offerings to suit your specific vibration control needs. For more information, download a copy of the AVCS product bulletin. Features and Benefits Reduce weight — Eliminates heavy passive vibration absorbers Improve comfort — Reduces occupant vibration levels in both the cockpit and cabin Improve performance — Enables expanded flight envelope within aircraft design limits and extended range Reduce direct maintenance cost — Lowers aircraft vibration levels resulting in less vibration-induced fatigue of structures and equipment Applications Hindustan Aeronautics, Ltd. (HAL) Indian DHRUV Eurocopter EC225/725, EC-130 T2 Agusta AW-139

The change control system is a collection of processes that allow change requests to be analyzed, approved, declined, and then managed. Get ready – I’m going to walk you through the whole darn thing – now! A change request enters the change control system. The change request is written, not verbal. The change request form follows a predetermined route as to how it’ll be analyzed, either by the project manager, a change control board, or both. In this instance I’m mapping the change through a change control board. Your organization may have a slightly different approach. Technically there are four change control systems that entertain change requests: Scope Change Control System. This is the most common, as most project changes affect the project scope first and foremost. Cost Change Control System. When a scope change request is entertained then a corresponding concern is the cost of the scope change. The cost change control system can be affected without changing the project scope when you consider how the cost of materials may change. Let’s say that you have a project to install oak floors and the cost of the oak has increased by 30 percent. The cost change control system would manage the change in cost to the oak floors. Schedule Change Control System. Changes to the project schedule are also to be managed. Scope changes can affect the project schedule as more deliverables may equate to more time needed to create them. Schedule changes can happen without affecting the project scope. Consider a delay by a vendor to ship the materials you need for your project. Contract Change Control System. Contracts typically have provisions for allowing changes or additional items to be entered into the contracted work, but not always. Changes to the project scope may directly affect the contracted work so the contract change control system is enacted. Each change request then passes through integrated change control. Integrated change control examines the impact of each change request on the other eight project management knowledge areas, regardless of which change control system from which it originates. Integrated change control asks the following questions: Scope – What affect does this change have on the project scope? Time – What affect does this change have on the project schedule? Cost – What will the cost of the change be for the project? Quality – How does this proposed change affect the quality of the project? Human resources – Will additional human resources be required as result of this change request? Risk – Will additional risks be created as a result of this change request? Stakeholder management – what stakeholder will be affected by this change? Procurement – Will this change affect existing contracts or require new contracts to be created? When the change control board approves or declines the change request the change requestor is informed of the project decision. All decisions on change requests are documented for future reference. If an approved change request affects the project scope then configuration management is enforced. Configuration management is the documentation and management of the features and functions of the project’s product. Consider a change request that changes the oak floors to maple. Configuration management is needed, because the features and functions of the floors have been changed. Update the project documents. In the previous example the floors were changed to maple so the project scope statement would be updated to reflect the change, as would the work breakdown structure, and the WBS dictionary. Additionally, the activity list, the quality control activities, procurement documents, the project network diagram, and maybe even the project staffing would need to be modified. A change request can have intense ripples through the project management processes. Every change that enters the project must pass through this change control process. If not – lookout! There’s a good chance that problems are lurking just below the surface in that project. Examples include unchecked risks, cost overruns, missed deadlines, and frustrations from the project team, the project customers, and management. Trouble abounds.

The art of tuning a PID loop is to have it adjust its OP to move the PV as quickly as possible to the SP (responsive), minimize overshoot, and then hold the PV steady at the SP without excessive OP changes (stable). First, Some Definitions PID = Proportional, Integral, Derivative algorithm. This is not a P&ID, which is a Piping (or Process) and Instrumentation Diagram. PV = Process Variable - a quantity used as a feedback, typically measured by an instrument. Also sometimes called "MV" - Measured Value. SP = SetPoint - the desired value for the PV. OP = OutPut - a signal to a device that can change the PV - frequently a valve, damper, or a pump speed reference. Also sometimes called "CV" - Controlled Value. Overshoot = when the PV moves further past the SP than desired. A PID loop in manual (as opposed to automatic) only changes its OP upon operator request. A loop in remote has its SP automatically adjusted by external logic. In local the SP is only changed by the operator. Some systems combine auto and remote into “cascade” mode. A direct acting PID loop increases its OP in response to increasing PV, while a reverse acting loop decreases its OP. “Normal” loops are reverse acting. Loops controlling level or pressure via a valve on an output, or temperature via cooling are generally direct acting – “backwards” loops. Error = the difference between PV and SP. Overshoot 3 Basic Tuning Parameters of a PID Loop Note: for demonstration purposes the charts below show the individual responses of the actions where the PV is NOT affected by the OP. Normally the PV would be affected by the change in OP & would therefore be brought back toward the SP as a result of the OP's response. Gain: Also called proportional band or P-gain, the gain determines how much change the OP will make due to a change in error (from a PV change and / or an SP change). This mainly corrects the OP based on upsets as they happen. "Gain" implies that a larger number will have more effect. "Proportional band" implies the opposite. P-Gain = 100% / P-band. Gain Only Response Reset: Also called integral or I-gain, the reset determines how much to change the OP over time due to the error (regardless of the direction of movement of the error). This brings a stable PV that is off SP toward the SP. Reset or I-gain implies that a larger number will have more effect. Integral implies the opposite. Reset [resets per minute] = 60 / Integral [seconds per reset].